Objective To explore the relationship between abdominal aortic aneurysm development and inflammation in the rabbit through the establishment of a rabbit infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm model and the use of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. Methods Twenty male New Zealand rabbits were administered an elastase intracavity perfusion to induce an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm model. Prior to surgery, the rabbits underwent abdominal aorta ultrasonic testing and blood collection from the ear veins. Of the original 20 rabbits, 10 rabbits were euthanized two weeks after the operation following ultrasonic testing, PET/CT scanning and blood collection, and their arterial tissue samples were prepared for pathological and immunohistochemical staining. The remaining 10 rabbits were euthanized four weeks after the operation following ultrasonic testing, PET/CT scanning and blood collection, and the arterial tissue samples were prepared for pathological and immunohistochemical staining. Results Compared with the preoperative measurement, the maximum growth rate of the aneurysm diameter is 89.21 +/- 0.02% (the absolute increase in diameter is 2.040 +/- 0.376 mm) two weeks after the operation. Compared with the two-week postoperative value, the maximum growth rate of the aneurysm diameter is 15.8 +/- 0.01% (the absolute increase in diameter is 0.684 +/- 0.115 mm) four weeks after the operation. Compared with the preoperative values, the blood MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels significantly increase two weeks after surgery, P < 0.05. Compared with the two-week postoperative values, the blood MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels significantly decrease after four weeks post-surgery, P < 0.05. At two weeks after the operation, the SUVmax and the TBR of the 18F-FDG PET/CT of the AAA wall are 0.90 +/- 0.03 and 1.19 +/- 0.09, respectively. At four weeks after the operation, the SUVmax and the TBR of the 18F-FDG PET/CT of the AAA wall are 0.35 +/- 0.05 and 1.15 +/- 0.12, respectively. Compared with two weeks after the operation, the SUVmax significantly decreases at four weeks after the operation, P < 0.05. Compared with two weeks after the operation, there is no significant difference in the TBR at four weeks after the operation, P > 0.05. Immunohistochemical staining shows that the CD68-positive cell rate at four weeks after the operation significantly decreases (P < 0.05) compared with the CD68-positive cell rate at two weeks after the operation. Conclusion In the early stages of abdominal aortic aneurysm development, the inflammatory response of the arterial wall is significant, the local metabolic activity is strengthened, the SUVmax value of 18F-FDG is high, and the abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter experiences rapid growth. In the later stages of abdominal aortic aneurysm development, the diameter continues to increase; however, there are decreases in the wall inflammatory response, the local metabolic activity, and the SUVmax value of 18F-FDG. Thus, inflammation plays an important role in the early development of abdominal aortic aneurysm.