Discordance of lipid parameters is closely associated with residual cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the discordance between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) or apolipoprotein B (apoB) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and assessed arterial stiffness risk.This study included a total of 402 middle-aged and elderly Northern Chinese individuals whose brachial-ankle pulse wave conduction velocity (baPWV), and clinical and biochemical data were measured. Arterial stiffness was defined by inclusion in the upper quartile of the baPWV. All participants were divided into four mutually exclusive concordance/discordance groups based on the lipid goal for high-risk populations, according to the 2019 European Society of Cardiology / European Atherosclerosis Society guidelines. Discordance was defined as LDL-C ≥ 1.81 mmol/L with non-HDL-C <  2.59 mmol/L, or apoB < 0.80 mmol/L, or vice versa.The mean age of the participants was 65.9 ± 13.0 years; 59.5% of the participants were male. The mean LDL-C was 2.41 ± 0.81 mmol/L, non-HDL-C: 3.06 ± 0.94 mmol/L, and apoB: 0.84 ± 0.21 mmol/L. LDL-C was observed to be discordant with non-HDL-C (20.1%) and apoB (30.8%). When stratified according to LDL-C levels, the baPWV was greater in those patients with higher non-HDL-C or apoB levels. In the adjusted logistic regression model, low LDL-C and high non-HDL-C or apoB discordance were also associated with the risk of arterial stiffness (OR: 13.412 and OR: 13.054, respectively).There was discordance between LDL-C and non-HDL-C, or apoB in middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals; this was associated with a higher risk of arterial stiffness. Non-HDL-C or apoB levels could be used to identify individuals who may benefit from more comprehensive lipid modification.© 2021. The Author(s).