Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and one of the leading causes of low vision and blindness in adults. In recent years, the prevalence of diabetes and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy have increased significantly in our country. Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence rate of diabetes in China is 12.8%, and the prevalence rate of DR in adult diabetic patients is 24.7%-37.5%, that is, there are about 3200-48 million DR patients in China, and the patients have a trend of younger people. DR has become a serious public health problem threatening people's lives and health. At present, it is known that the pathogenesis of DR is related to hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammation, abnormal expression of cytokines and gene methylation, but the specific pathogenesis has not been fully clarified. Due to the hidden early symptoms of DR, the lack of basic screening conditions in primary medical and health institutions, and the lack of awareness of DR by patients themselves, many DR patients have already appeared serious retinopathy when they seek medical treatment, resulting in irreversible visual function impairment. In addition, the current clinical treatment methods for DR mainly include retinal photocoagulation therapy, intraocular anti-VEGF drug injection and vitrectomy surgery, etc. These methods are aimed at relatively severe diabetic retinopathy, and there is no effective treatment method for early diabetic retinopathy that can prevent or slow down the occurrence and development of DR. Therefore, to further explore the pathogenesis of DR and develop new therapeutic methods has become an urgent problem. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by living cells with a diameter of 40-150nm. With a bilayer lipid membrane structure, exosomes contain a variety of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, cytokines, and autoantigens, and are important mediators for the transmission of biological information between cells. Almost all cells can secrete exosomes, and exosomes from different cells have different functions. Exosomes transfer their contents to nearby or distant cells and participate in cell growth, angiogenesis, immune regulation and other processes. Previous studies have shown that exosomes secreted by various cells in the retina are present in the vitreous and aqueous humor of patients and play an important role in the pathogenesis of DR. At the same time, exosomes in the systemic circulation of diabetic patients can also reach the retina through the blood circulation, participate in the initiation process of DR And play an important role. At the same time, due to the double-layer lipid membrane structure, exosomes can also target the coated components to specific cells and tissues through biological barriers such as blood-brain and blood-eye, which is expected to become a highly efficient drug delivery route. Therefore, the role of exosomes in DR Treatment has also attracted much attention.