Introduction: Given the increased incidence of renal anemia and cognitive dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the association between hemoglobin levels and cognitive function in these patients remains elucidated. An optimal level of hemoglobin for the best cognitive performance in CKD has yet to be determined. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from 2011-2014 of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Enrolled subjects for analysis were divided into the CKD and the non-CKD groups. The Animal Fluency Test (AF), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word Learning Test (CERAD-WL), and Word List Recall Test (CERAD-DR) were used to evaluate cognitive performances. We quantified the association between hemoglobin levels and cognitive function in patients with CKD and non-CKD subjects by using the logistic regression analysis. Plotted curves and inflection points were calculated by a recursive algorithm. Results: The ratio of cognitive impairment was higher in the CKD group than in the non-CKD group. Hemoglobin levels were correlated with CERAD-DR and DSST in patients with CKD. For non-CKD subjects, the hemoglobin level was not correlated with any test results. The potential range of the hemoglobin level was 11.0-12.7 mg/dL for keeping better cognitive performance of patients with CKD. Conclusion: Hemoglobin levels are associated with cognitive performance in patients with CKD. The treatment of renal anemia would be meaningful to reduce cognitive impairment in CKD.