A high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with cerebrovascular disorders, however; its effect on the microvasculature in the brain is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the cerebral microvessel pathology by scanning electron microscope. Ten male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: standard diet (n= 5) and HFD (n= 5). All of the rats were fed either standard rodent chow diet or HFD for 10 weeks and the brains were examined for microvascular pathology at the end of experiment. Coronal sections of a region of the cortex were observed by employing scanning electron microscope. Cerebral microvessels in the standard diet group exhibited the luminal endothelial surface with microvilli, indentations, and occasional vacuoles. The microvessels in the HFD group showed varying degrees of endothelial cell pathology including altered nuclear swelling as well as degenerative changes in the luminal wall. There was also thickening of the vascular basal laminae and expanded perivascular spaces often filled with amorphous debris. On a HFD, the luminal endothelial surface had more microvilli, indentations, and vacuoles. A HFD can affect the morphology of cerebral microvasculature and arteries in the Wistar rat in the absence of hyperlipidemia and lead to a series of pathological changes and microvascular remodeling, which can increase the likelihood of blood flow retardation and platelet aggregation, and ultimately thrombosis. The effects of HFD on microvasculature is more serious than that on large and medium- sized artery. Scanning electron microscope is a tool for studying microvasculature and artery pathology.