Rivaroxaban, as a novel oral anticoagulant agent, emerged in thrombosis management. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of once-daily rivaroxaban versus dose-adjusted warfarin for cerebral venous thrombosis treatment in a real-world clinical setting. This is a prospective cohort study based on the real-world clinical data analysis of the patients with imaging-confirmed CVT enrolled from August 2016 through January 2020 and their outcomes were followed up. Patients were grouped according to their treatment strategies: rivaroxaban (15-20 mg daily) or warfarin (dosage-adjusted according to international normalized ratio), which were matched 1:2 on the propensity score. The primary efficacy outcome was recanalization assessed by magnetic resonance venography. Thrombus burden, CVT recurrence and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were also compared. The safety outcome was major bleeding. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the 33 patients in rivaroxaban group and 49 in warfarin group after propensity score matching. During 6-month (median) follow-up, 29 patients (87.9%) in rivaroxaban group and 38 patients (77.6%) in warfarin group obtained recanalization (OR, 1.44; 95% CI 0.63-3.30). The thrombus reduction at the 6-month follow-up did not reach statistical difference (p = 0.118). No CVT recurrence was observed in both groups. All patients in rivaroxaban group obtained favorable functional outcomes (mRS = 0-2), whereas in warfarin group, 1 patient remained physically disable (mRS = 3) at the follow-up. No major bleeding events occurred in two groups. Rivaroxaban might have the same or stronger efficacy in facilitating CVT recanalization and preventing CVT recurrence with a lower incidence of bleeding than that of warfarin in Chinese population.