机构：[a]Department of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, Rome, Italy[b]Research Center ‘‘Daniel Bovet’’, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy[c]Department of Neuroscience Section of Neurology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy[d]Laboratory of Neurobiology of Disease, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Via Atinense, Pozzilli (IS), Italy[e]Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy[f]Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, China老年医学科首都医科大学宣武医院[g]Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, China Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China
The involvement of the spinal cord in parkinsonism is becoming more and more evident based on human autopsies and on experimental models, obtained using specific neurotoxins or genetic manipulations. Besides Parkinson disease, other degenerative disorders characterized by parkinsonism, involve the spinal cord, and multiple neurotransmitters, apart dopamine, are altered in parkinsonism, also in their spinal projections. In the present review we discuss spinal cord pathology of different genetic or toxic experimental models of parkinsonism, as well as the neuropathological reports from autoptic cases of sporadic Parkinson disease and of other neurodegenerative conditions, overlapping with parkinsonism. Furthermore, anatomical distribution of alpha-synuclein in the spinal cord and coeruleo-spinal projections are reviewed, at the light of their possible involvement in spinal neurons degeneration. All these evidences call for an anatomical stemmed novel approach to understand specific features of parkinsonism, which might be due to such an involvement of the spinal cord. Moreover they suggest a common neurodegenerative process, underlying distinct neurodegenerative disorders, to which spinal neurons could be the more sensible. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
第一作者机构：[a]Department of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, Rome, Italy
通讯作者：
通讯机构：[*1]Laboratory of Immunoistochemistry ‘‘Tindaro G. Renda’’, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
推荐引用方式(GB/T 7714)：
Giorgio Vivacqua,Arianna Casini,Rosa Vaccaro,et al.Spinal cord and parkinsonism: Neuromorphological evidences in humans and experimental studies[J].JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY.2011,42(4):327-340.doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.03.001.
APA：
Giorgio Vivacqua,Arianna Casini,Rosa Vaccaro,Ebe Parisi Salvi,Livia Pasquali...&Loredana D’Este.(2011).Spinal cord and parkinsonism: Neuromorphological evidences in humans and experimental studies.JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY,42,(4)
MLA：
Giorgio Vivacqua,et al."Spinal cord and parkinsonism: Neuromorphological evidences in humans and experimental studies".JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY 42..4(2011):327-340
