The present study investigated whether the efficacy of radioiodine therapy towards aggressive thyroid cancer cells was affected by beta-catenin activity and associated with sodium/iodine symporter (NIS) localization. Human thyroid cancer cell line follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) 133 was endowed with aggressiveness by HIF-1 alpha or beta-catenin over expression. The protein amount and subcellular localization of NIS, and the radioiodine uptake capacity were detected in the cells, as well as in cells subsequently undergoing P-catenin knockdown. Xenograft experiments were conducted to compare the tumor growth ability and responsiveness to radioactive treatment among HIF-1 alpha and P-catenin overexpressing FTC cells, respectively with or without P-catenin knockdown. beta-catenin increased upon HIF-1 alpha overexpression, but not vice versa. This signal axis would prompt metastatic propensity in FTC cells, and translocate NIS from cytomembrane to cytoplasm. Consistently the radioiodine uptake capacity in the cells decreased obviously. Knockdown of P-catenin reversed all these changes. Furthermore, the xenograft experiments showed that radioiodine treatment could thoroughly suppress tumor growth ability of aggressive FTC cells only if the HIF-1 alpha-induced P-catenin activation was disrupted by P-catenin knockdown. P-catenin nuclear translocation in tumor cells was accompanied by abnormal subcellular localization of NIS. Moreover, we found that only after inhibiting beta-catenin expression, can the radioiodine treatment promote apoptosis other than repress proliferation and survival in xenograft tumor cells. In conclusion, aggressive FTC cells overexpressing HIF-1 alpha will be fully cracked down by radio iodine therapy once P-catenin expression is inhibited, and regulated localization of NIS may account for underlying mechanisms.