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Pain   (Book Chapter)

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机构: [a]Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain (IBSP), Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China [b]Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience under the auspice of Ministries of Health and Education, Peking University, Beijing, China [c]Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China [d]Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States [e]Institute of Brain Science, Integrated Brain Research Unit, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [f]State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [g]Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China [h]Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan [i]Department of Pain Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China [j]Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States [k]Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States [l]Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’n, China [m]School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China [n]Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China [o]Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’n, China [p]Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States [q]Pain Research Center, Sun Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, China [r]Department of Pain Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China [s]Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’n, China [t]Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [u]Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China [v]Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [w]Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Antwerp, Belgium [x]Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan [y]Section of Basic Science Research, Parker Research Institute, Parker University, Dallas, TX, United States [z]Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China [aa]Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States [ab]Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China [ac]Department of Pain Medicine, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China [ad]Department of Neurobiology and Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China [ae]School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China [af]School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China [ag]Department of Neurology, General Hospital PLA, Beijing, China [ah]Department of Pain Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China [ai]Department of Pain Medicine, Sixth Shenzhen Renmin Hospital, Shenzhen, China [aj]Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [ak]Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China [al]Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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关键词: Acupuncture modulation Acupuncture modulation of pain Amygdala Axonal reflex Behavioral pain hypersensitivity Bell-magendie law Biochemical neuroimaging Brain matrix Brain mechanisms Cerebellum Cortical and subcortical processing Disinhibition Drug modulation Functional neuroimaging Gabapentin Gatecontrol theory of pain Gene therapy and stem cell treatment Glial cells Hyperalgesia Hypothalamus Insula K2P Nerve injury-induced neural plasticity Neurochemical markers Neurogenic inflammation Neuromodulation Neuropathic Nociception Nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) Nociceptive specific (NS) neurons Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) P2X3 receptor P2Y receptors Pain Pain matrix Peptidergic population of c nociceptors Periaqueductal gray (PAG) Peripheral mechanisms Peripheral nociceptors Placebo modulation Primary afferent depolarization (PAD) Pro-inflammatory cytokines Psychological modulation Rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) Specificity theory Spinal cord dorsal horn Spinal pain sensory neurons Structural neuroimaging Tanezumab Thalamic pain syndrome Transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) Tripartite synaptic model Vanilloid receptor-like protein 1 (VRL1) Ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGPCs) Voxel-based morphometry Windup phenomenon

摘要:
Pain is one of the most common causes of suffering. The physiological function of pain is to alert the body of potentially noxious conditions encountered from the external or internal environment. Pain can be differentiated into acute pain and chronic pain according to its duration, with 3 months as a tentative defining point in humans. Acute pain is good for protection from dangerous health issues and relatively easy to control. Chronic pain, on the other hand, is absolutely annoying and notoriously difficult to manage. Chronic pain can be induced by various causes, such as inflammatory or metabolic disorders of the peripheral tissue, musculoskeletal strain, peripheral or central nervous lesion and diseases, etc., yet their common mechanism is hypersensitivity of the pain transmission and perception systems, which may result in a structural disorganization. The suffering from chronic pain has been a powerful driving force for pain research both in academic institutions and in the industry. This chapter focuses on the system of noxious signal transmission, from the ion channel and nociceptor to the psychological reaction, from the ascending pain perception pathways to the descending pain modulatory pathways, being facilitatory or inhibitory. Principles of biomedical interventions on acute and chronic pain are also outlined. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2013 and Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016.

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第一作者机构: [a]Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain (IBSP), Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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